1. ls for listing the files as well as directories those are kept in the particular working directory syntax
ls -l
above the command will list the files with rights details
ls -a
above the command will list all the files including hidden files
ls -i
it will also shows us the inode number of each and every file
syntax :
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Example :
senthil@senthil-desktop:ls -la
2. clear
it will clear the screen (short cut ctl+l).
syntax :
clear
Example :
senthil@senthil-desktop:clear
3. exit
to end a current session as well current terminal logging
syntax :
exit
Example :
senthil@senthil-desktop:exit
4. touch
to create a new empty file
syntax :
touch file_name
Example :
senthil@senthil-desktop:touch testing.txt
5. cd
to change the working/present directory
syntax :
cd director_path
Example :
senthil@senthil-desktop:cd Desktop/project
6. mkdir
to make a new directory
syntax :
mkdir dir_name
Example :
senthil@senthil-desktop:mkdir testing
you can also create a directory at your desired path without changing your present working directory
7. rmdir
to remove a empty directory
syntax :
rmdir dir_name
Example :
senthil@senthil-desktop:rmdir testing
8. rm
to remove a empty file
rm [-i/-r/-f] to remove a directory with its subdirectories as well as its
files that is to remove a directory which already contains some files in it
syntax :
rm file_name
Example :
senthil@senthil-desktop:rm testing.txt
-i stands for interactively
-r stands for recursively
-f stands for forcefully
9. cp
to copy something in a destination file or directory
syntax :
cp sourcepath destinationpath
example:
senthil@senthil-desktop:cp /home/mango/webmin.rpm /root/abcd
10. mv
to move one file or directory from one place to another place, it
is also used for renaming adirectory or file
syntax :
mv source destination
Example :
senthil@senthil-desktop: mv oldfilename newfilename
How to create User in Mysql?
How to create User in Mysql
Create new user in Mysql
We can create MySQL accounts in two ways, By using statements such as Create user and Grant.
1.CREATE USER
Syntax
CREATE USER 'user_name'@ 'host_name' [IDENTIFIED BY [PASSWORD] 'password']
Example
CREATE USER 'senthil'@ 'localhost' identified by 'admin';
Note
It must be noted that CREATE USER command was added in the MySQL version 5.0.2. In earlier versions, users could be created automatically when assigning permissions using the GRANT command or by manually inserting records in the mysql database.
It must be noted that CREATE USER command was added in the MySQL version 5.0.2. In earlier versions, users could be created automatically when assigning permissions using the GRANT command or by manually inserting records in the mysql database.
2.Grant User
Syntax
GRANT [PRIVILIAGES] ON 'database_name'.'table_name' TO ''user_name'@ ''host_name' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
Example
GRANT ALL ON 'test'.* TO ''senthil'@ ''localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'admin';
To see a list of the userd and their privileges.
use mysql;
select * from mysql.user where User='user' \G;
HIstory of PHP
What is PHP?
PHP is a great scripting language that can be used to create amazing forms, features, and functions on
your website. PHP is a widely used general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web
development and can be embedded into HTML. It generally runs on a web server, taking PHP code as
its input and creating web pages as output. It can be deployed on most web servers and on almost every
operating system and platform free of charge. PHP is installed on more than 20 million websites and 1
million web servers. The most recent major release of PHP was version 5.2.6 on May 1, 2008.
PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page. It began in 1994 as a set of Common Gateway
Interface binaries written in the C programming language by the Danish/Greenlandic programmer
Rasmus Lerdorf. Lerdorf initially created these Personal Home Page Tools to replace a small set of Perl
scripts he had been using to maintain his personal homepage.
Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans, two Israeli developers at the Technion IIT, rewrote the parser in 1997
and formed the base of PHP 3, changing the language's name to the recursive initialism PHP: Hypertext
Preprocessor.
PHP 4, powered by the Zend Engine 1.0, was released.
PHP 5 included new features such as improved support for object-oriented programming
In 2008, PHP 5 became the only stable version under development. Late static binding has been
missing from PHP and will be added in version 5.3.
PHP 6 is under development alongside PHP 5. Major changes include the removal of register_globals,
magic quotes, and safe mode.
PHP does not have complete native support for Unicode or multibyte strings; unicode support will be
included in PHP 6.
Major Version Minor Version Release date Notes
1.0 1.0.0 1995-06-08 Officially called "Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools)". This is the first use of
the name "PHP".
2.0 2.0.0 1996-04-16 Considered by its creator as the "fastest and simplest tool" for creating dynamic
web pages.
3.0 3.0.0 1998-06-06 Development moves from one person to multiple developers. Zeev Suraski and
Andi Gutmans rewrite the base for this version.
4.0 4.0.0 2000-05-22 Added more advanced two-stage parse/execute tag-parsing system called the
Zend engine.
4.1.0 2001-12-10 Introduced 'superglobals' ($_GET, $_POST, $_SESSION, etc.)
4.2.0 2002-04-22 Disabled register_globals by default. Data received over the network is not inserted
directly into the global namespace anymore, closing possible security holes in applications.
4.3.0 2002-12-27 Introduced the CLI, in addition to the CGI.
4.4.0 2005-07-11 Added man pages for phpize and php-config scripts.
4.4.8 2008-01-03 Several security enhancements and bug fixes. Was to be the end of life release for
PHP 4. Security updates only until 2008-08-08, if necessary.
4.4.9 2008-08-07 More security enhancements and bug fixes. The last release of the PHP 4.4 series.
5.0 5.0.0 2004-07-13 Zend Engine II with a new object model.
5.1.0 2005-11-24 Performance improvements with introduction of compiler variables in re-engineered
PHP Engine.
5.2.0 2006-11-02 Enabled the filter extension by default.
5.2.6 2008-05-01 Several security enhancements and bug fixes
5.3.0 Mid Oct'08 Namespace support; Improved XML support through use of XMLReader and
XMLWriter; SOAP support, Late static bindings, Jump label (limited goto), Closures, Native PHP
archives
6.0 6.0.0 No date set Unicode support; removal of ereg extension, 'register_globals', 'magic_quotes' and
'safe_mode'; Alternative PHP Cache; Removal of mime_magic and rewrite of fileinfo() for better
MIME suppor
PHP is a great scripting language that can be used to create amazing forms, features, and functions on
your website. PHP is a widely used general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web
development and can be embedded into HTML. It generally runs on a web server, taking PHP code as
its input and creating web pages as output. It can be deployed on most web servers and on almost every
operating system and platform free of charge. PHP is installed on more than 20 million websites and 1
million web servers. The most recent major release of PHP was version 5.2.6 on May 1, 2008.
PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page. It began in 1994 as a set of Common Gateway
Interface binaries written in the C programming language by the Danish/Greenlandic programmer
Rasmus Lerdorf. Lerdorf initially created these Personal Home Page Tools to replace a small set of Perl
scripts he had been using to maintain his personal homepage.
Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans, two Israeli developers at the Technion IIT, rewrote the parser in 1997
and formed the base of PHP 3, changing the language's name to the recursive initialism PHP: Hypertext
Preprocessor.
PHP 4, powered by the Zend Engine 1.0, was released.
PHP 5 included new features such as improved support for object-oriented programming
In 2008, PHP 5 became the only stable version under development. Late static binding has been
missing from PHP and will be added in version 5.3.
PHP 6 is under development alongside PHP 5. Major changes include the removal of register_globals,
magic quotes, and safe mode.
PHP does not have complete native support for Unicode or multibyte strings; unicode support will be
included in PHP 6.
Major Version Minor Version Release date Notes
1.0 1.0.0 1995-06-08 Officially called "Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools)". This is the first use of
the name "PHP".
2.0 2.0.0 1996-04-16 Considered by its creator as the "fastest and simplest tool" for creating dynamic
web pages.
3.0 3.0.0 1998-06-06 Development moves from one person to multiple developers. Zeev Suraski and
Andi Gutmans rewrite the base for this version.
4.0 4.0.0 2000-05-22 Added more advanced two-stage parse/execute tag-parsing system called the
Zend engine.
4.1.0 2001-12-10 Introduced 'superglobals' ($_GET, $_POST, $_SESSION, etc.)
4.2.0 2002-04-22 Disabled register_globals by default. Data received over the network is not inserted
directly into the global namespace anymore, closing possible security holes in applications.
4.3.0 2002-12-27 Introduced the CLI, in addition to the CGI.
4.4.0 2005-07-11 Added man pages for phpize and php-config scripts.
4.4.8 2008-01-03 Several security enhancements and bug fixes. Was to be the end of life release for
PHP 4. Security updates only until 2008-08-08, if necessary.
4.4.9 2008-08-07 More security enhancements and bug fixes. The last release of the PHP 4.4 series.
5.0 5.0.0 2004-07-13 Zend Engine II with a new object model.
5.1.0 2005-11-24 Performance improvements with introduction of compiler variables in re-engineered
PHP Engine.
5.2.0 2006-11-02 Enabled the filter extension by default.
5.2.6 2008-05-01 Several security enhancements and bug fixes
5.3.0 Mid Oct'08 Namespace support; Improved XML support through use of XMLReader and
XMLWriter; SOAP support, Late static bindings, Jump label (limited goto), Closures, Native PHP
archives
6.0 6.0.0 No date set Unicode support; removal of ereg extension, 'register_globals', 'magic_quotes' and
'safe_mode'; Alternative PHP Cache; Removal of mime_magic and rewrite of fileinfo() for better
MIME suppor
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